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in the prime of his career

  • 1 prime

    I 1. noun
    1) Höhepunkt, der; Krönung, die

    in the prime of life/youth — in der Blüte seiner/ihrer Jahre/der Jugend (geh.)

    be in/past one's prime — in den besten Jahren sein/die besten Jahre überschritten haben

    2) (Math.) Primzahl, die
    2. adjective
    1) (chief) Haupt-; hauptsächlich

    prime motive — Hauptmotiv, das

    2) (excellent) erstklassig; vortrefflich [Beispiel]; [Fleisch] erster Güteklasse

    in prime condition[Sportler, Tier] in bester Verfassung; voll ausgereift [Obst]

    II transitive verb
    1) (equip) vorbereiten

    prime somebody with information/advice — jemanden instruieren/jemandem Ratschläge erteilen

    well primedgut vorbereitet

    2) grundieren [Wand, Decke]
    3) füllen [Pumpe]
    4) schärfen [Sprengkörper]
    * * *
    I 1. adjective
    1) (first or most important: the prime minister; a matter of prime importance.) wichtigst
    2) (best: in prime condition.) erstklassig
    2. noun
    (the best part (of a person's etc life, usually early middle age): He is in his prime; the prime of life.) die Blüte
    - academic.ru/57931/primary">primary
    - primarily
    - primary colours
    - prime minister
    - prime number
    - prime time
    3. adjective
    prime-time advertising.)
    II verb
    (to prepare (something) by putting something into or on it: He primed (=put gunpowder into) his gun; You must prime (=treat with primer) the wood before you paint it.) (zünd)fertig machen
    * * *
    [praɪm]
    I. adj attr, inv
    1. (main) wesentlich, Haupt-
    of \prime importance von äußerster Wichtigkeit
    \prime objective oberstes Ziel
    \prime suspect Hauptverdächtige(r) f(m)
    2. (best) erstklassig
    \prime cuts of meat Fleischstücke pl bester Qualität
    a \prime example ein ausgezeichnetes [o vortreffliches] Beispiel
    3. MATH
    \prime factor Primfaktor m
    \prime factorization Primfaktorenzerlegung f
    II. n no pl
    1. (time of greatest success) Blütezeit f fig
    the \prime of life das beste Alter
    in the \prime of one's youth in der Blüte der Jugend geh
    to be in one's \prime im besten Alter sein, in der Blüte seiner Jahre stehen geh
    to be past one's \prime die besten Jahre hinter sich dat haben, [schon] bessere Zeiten gesehen haben fam
    2. AM FIN Primerate f, Leitzins m [für erste Adressen]
    3. MATH Primzahl f
    III. vt
    to \prime sb jdn vorbereiten
    to be \primed to do sth bereit [o darauf vorbereitet] sein, etw zu tun
    to \prime oneself to do sth sich akk darauf vorbereiten [o einstellen], etw zu tun
    2. TECH, MIL
    to \prime sth (for exploding) etw scharf machen; (for firing) etw schussbereit machen; (undercoat) canvas, metal, wood etw grundieren
    to \prime an engine Anlasskraftstoff [in einen Motor] einspritzen
    to \prime a pump eine Pumpe mit Wasser füllen (um sie betriebsbereit zu machen)
    3. usu passive MED, BIOL
    to \prime sth etw stärken
    the immune system is \primed to attack diseased cells das Immunsystem ist darauf ausgerichtet, kranke Zellen anzugreifen
    4. (brief)
    to \prime sb jdn instruieren
    * * *
    [praɪm]
    1. adj
    1) (= major, chief) Haupt-, wesentlich; target, objective hauptsächtlich, oberste(r, s), höchste(r, s); candidate erste(r, s); cause hauptsächlich, häufigste(r, s); requirement erste(r, s), oberste(r, s)

    of prime importance — von größter Bedeutung, von äußerster Wichtigkeit

    she was a prime favouritesie war eine hohe Favoritin

    2) (= excellent) erstklassig, beste(r, s); example erstklassig

    in prime condition (meat, fruit etc) — von hervorragender Qualität; athlete, car etc in erstklassiger or hervorragender Verfassung

    prime exampleParadebeispiel nt, klassisches Beispiel

    2. n
    1)

    (= full vigour) in the prime of life — in der Blüte seiner Jahre

    he is in his primeer ist im besten Alter or in den besten Jahren; (singer, artist) er ist an seinem Höhepunkt angelangt

    he is past his primeer ist über sein bestes Alter or seine besten Jahre hinaus; (singer, artist)

    this city is past its primediese Stadt hat auch schon bessere Zeiten gesehen

    2) (MATH) Primzahl f
    3) (ECCL) Prim f
    3. vt
    1) gun schussfertig machen; bomb scharf machen; pump vorpumpen; carburettor Anlasskraftstoff einspritzen in (+acc)
    2) surface (for painting) grundieren
    3) (with advice, information) instruieren
    4) person (with drink) alkoholisieren, unter Alkohol setzen
    * * *
    prime [praım]
    A adj (adv primely)
    1. erst(er, e, es), wichtigst(er, e, es), wesentlichst(er, e, es), Haupt…:
    of prime importance von höchster Wichtigkeit;
    prime reason Hauptgrund m;
    prime suspect Hauptverdächtigte(r) m/f(m)
    2. erstklassig, vorzüglich, prima (Investition, Qualität etc):
    prime bill erstklassiger Wechsel;
    in prime condition in Bestzustand
    3. primär, grundlegend
    4. erst(er, e, es), Erst…, Ur…:
    prime father Urvater m
    5. MATH
    a) unteilbar:
    prime factor Primfaktor m;
    prime number Primzahl f;
    prime number theorem Primzahlsatz m;
    prime power Primzahlpotenz f
    b) auch prime to each other teilerfremd, ohne gemeinsamen Teiler:
    31 is prime to 63 31 ist teilerfremd zu 63
    B s
    1. Anfang m, Beginn m:
    prime of the day (year) Tagesanbruch m (Frühling m)
    2. fig Blüte(zeit) f:
    in the prime of youth (life) in der Blüte der Jugend (des Lebens);
    in his prime in der Blüte seiner Jahre, im besten (Mannes)Alter;
    in the prime of his career auf dem Höhepunkt seiner Laufbahn
    3. (das) Beste, höchste Vollkommenheit
    4. prime rate
    5. KATH, HIST Prim f (im klösterlichen Stundengebet die Gebetszeit zur ersten Tagesstunde)
    6. MATH
    a) Primzahl f
    b) Primfaktor m
    c) Strich m, (Zeichen n für) Bogenminute f [’]:
    x prime (x’) x Strich (x’)
    7. MUS
    a) auch prime interval Prim(intervall) f(n), Prime f
    b) auch prime tone Prim(ton) f(m), Prime f
    8. Fechten: Prim f
    C v/t
    1. vorbereiten
    2. MIL eine Waffe laden, Bomben, Munition scharf machen:
    primed schuss-, zündfertig
    3. MAL, TECH grundieren
    4. TECH eine Pumpe anlassen, angießen:
    prime the pump WIRTSCH die Wirtschaft ankurbeln
    5. AUTO
    a) Kraftstoff vorpumpen
    b) Anlasskraftstoff in einen Motor einspritzen
    6. ELEK vorspannen
    7. mit Strichindex versehen
    8. jemanden instruieren, vorbereiten ( for auf akk)
    * * *
    I 1. noun
    1) Höhepunkt, der; Krönung, die

    in the prime of life/youth — in der Blüte seiner/ihrer Jahre/der Jugend (geh.)

    be in/past one's prime — in den besten Jahren sein/die besten Jahre überschritten haben

    2) (Math.) Primzahl, die
    2. adjective
    1) (chief) Haupt-; hauptsächlich

    prime motive — Hauptmotiv, das

    2) (excellent) erstklassig; vortrefflich [Beispiel]; [Fleisch] erster Güteklasse

    in prime condition[Sportler, Tier] in bester Verfassung; voll ausgereift [Obst]

    II transitive verb
    1) (equip) vorbereiten

    prime somebody with information/advice — jemanden instruieren/jemandem Ratschläge erteilen

    2) grundieren [Wand, Decke]
    3) füllen [Pumpe]
    4) schärfen [Sprengkörper]
    * * *
    adj.
    wichtigst adj.

    English-german dictionary > prime

  • 2 ♦ prime

    ♦ prime /praɪm/
    A a.
    1 primo; primario; principale; fondamentale: the prime cause, la causa prima; (polit.) prime minister, primo ministro; (mat.) prime number, numero primo; a matter of prime importance, una faccenda di primaria importanza; prime motive, motivo fondamentale
    2 (comm.) di prima qualità; eccellente; ottimo: prime beef, carne di manzo di prima scelta
    3 (fam.) grande; eccellente; ottimo: to be in prime form, essere in gran forma
    B n.
    1 colmo; fiore; pieno rigoglio: in the prime of life (o in one's prime) nel fiore degli anni, nel pieno rigoglio delle forze; in the prime of manhood, nel pieno rigoglio della virilità; He's past his prime, non è più nel fiore degli anni
    2 (il) meglio, (la) parte migliore (di qc.); apice: the prime of one's career, l'apice della propria carriera
    3 principio; (spec.) inizio di primavera
    4 (relig.) prima; prima ora canonica; ufficio della prima ora canonica
    5 (mat.) numero primo
    6 minuto primo; segno di minuto primo o di «pollice» (per es.: 25′)
    7 [u] ( scherma) prima ( posizione)
    ● (filos.) prime agent, primo agente □ ( banca) prime borrower, mutuatario di prim'ordine □ (org. az.) prime contractor, capocommessa □ (econ.) prime cost, costo primo □ prime entry, (rag.) prima nota; (dog.) bolletta d'entrata □ (geogr.) prime meridian, meridiano zero □ prime mover, (filos., teol.) primo motore; (econ.) fonte prima d'energia; (tecn., mecc.) motore primo; (fig.) motore (fig.), causa, movente □ (fin., banca) prime rate, prime rate ( tasso d'interesse minimo per clienti di primaria importanza) □ ( radio, TV) prime time, fascia oraria di massimo ascolto; prima serata □ (mus.) prime tone, tono fondamentale.
    (to) prime /praɪm/
    v. t.
    4 (fig. fam.) imbottire, rimpinzare (q. di cibo); saturare
    5 istruire; preparare, imbeccare (fam.): The witness had been primed by the counsel for the defence, il testimone era stato imbeccato dall'avvocato difensore
    6 (pitt.) mesticare, applicare l'imprimitura a, dare una prima mano a ( una tavola, una tela)
    7 (mecc.) iniettare benzina in ( un cilindro, un carburatore) per avviare il motore; dare un cicchetto a (pop.)
    to prime the pump, adescare la pompa; (fig., fin.: dello Stato, dell'intervento pubblico) rimettere in moto l'economia □ ( slang USA) primed to the ears, imbottito d'alcol; sbronzo.

    English-Italian dictionary > ♦ prime

  • 3 performance

    performance [pə'fɔ:məns]
    (a) (show) spectacle m, représentation f; Cinema séance f;
    afternoon performance matinée f;
    there is no performance on Mondays il n'y a pas de représentation le lundi, le lundi est jour de relâche
    (b) (rendition → by actor, musician, dancer) interprétation f;
    he gave an excellent performance in the role of Othello son interprétation du rôle d'Othello fut remarquable
    (c) (showing → by sportsman, politician etc) performance f, prestation f; (→ by pupil, economy, exports, company) résultats mpl, performances fpl; (→ by employee) rendement m, performance f; (→ by shares, investment, currency) performance f;
    to put up a good performance (team, athlete etc) accomplir une bonne performance; (in exam, interview, court case) bien s'en tirer;
    the Prime Minister gave the performance of his career le Premier ministre n'a jamais été aussi bon de toute sa carrière;
    another poor performance by the French team encore une contre-performance de l'équipe française;
    the country's poor economic performance les mauvais résultats économiques du pays;
    sterling's performance on the Stock Exchange le comportement en Bourse de la livre sterling;
    sexual performance prouesses fpl sexuelles
    (d) (of machine, computer, car) performance f
    (e) (carrying out → of task, manoeuvre) exécution f; (→ of miracle, duties) accomplissement m; (→ of ritual) célébration f;
    she has always been painstaking in the performance of her duties elle s'est toujours montrée consciencieuse dans l'accomplissement de ses devoirs
    (f) familiar (rigmarole) histoire f, cirque m;
    it's such a performance getting a visa! quelle histoire ou quel cirque pour avoir un visa!;
    what a performance! quel cirque!
    (g) Linguistics performance f
    ►► performance appraisal (system) système m d'évaluation; (individual) évaluation f;
    performance art performance f, action f;
    performance artist = artiste spécialisé dans la performance;
    Finance performance bond garantie f de bonne fin ou de bonne exécution;
    Cars performance car voiture f puissante, voiture f haute performance;
    performance indicator indice m de performance;
    performance pay prime f de mérite or de résultat;
    Finance performance ratio coefficient m ou ratio m d'exploitation;
    Psychology & Marketing performance test test m de performance

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > performance

  • 4 plenitud

    plenitud sustantivo femenino: ( de la carrera) at the height o peak of sth;
    plenitud sustantivo femenino fullness: está en la plenitud de su carrera, he's at the peak of his career
    está en la plenitud de la vida, he's in the prime of life ' plenitud' also found in these entries: English: blossom - fullness

    English-spanish dictionary > plenitud

  • 5 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 6 cut

    cut [kʌt]
    couper1 (a)-(f), 1 (h), 1 (j), 1 (o), 1 (q), 1 (t), 2 (a), 2 (d)-(g) découper1 (b) tondre1 (c) interrompre1 (f) arrêter1 (g) réduire1 (i), 1 (j) blesser1 (k) manquer1 (m) percer1 (n) graver1 (p) monter1 (r) se couper2 (b) faire mal2 (c) coupure3 (a), 3 (b), 3 (f) coup3 (c), 3 (g) morceau3 (d) réduction3 (e) coupe3 (h), 3 (k) part3 (i) coupé4 (a), 4 (c) réduit4 (b)
    (pt & pp cut, cont cutting)
    (a) (incise, slash, sever) couper;
    cut the box open with the knife ouvrez la boîte avec le couteau;
    he fell and cut his knee (open) il s'est ouvert le genou en tombant;
    she cut her hand elle s'est coupé la main ou à la main;
    he cut his wrists il s'est ouvert ou taillé les veines;
    to cut one's throat se trancher la gorge;
    they cut his throat ils lui ont coupé ou tranché la gorge, ils l'ont égorgé;
    they cut the prisoners free or loose ils ont détaché les prisonniers;
    figurative to cut oneself loose from sth se libérer de qch;
    they cut our supply line ils nous ont coupé notre approvisionnement;
    figurative the fog's so thick you could cut it with a knife il y a un brouillard à couper au couteau;
    the atmosphere was so tense, you could cut it with a knife l'atmosphère était extrêmement tendue;
    you're cutting your own throat c'est du suicide
    (b) (divide into parts) couper, découper; (meat) découper; (slice) découper en tranches;
    she cut articles from the paper elle découpait des articles dans le journal;
    cut the cake in half/in three pieces coupez le gâteau en deux/en trois;
    to cut sth to shreds or to ribbons mettre qch en pièces;
    figurative the enemy cut the army to pieces l'ennemi a taillé l'armée en pièces;
    figurative the critics cut the play to pieces les critiques ont esquinté la pièce
    (c) (trim → grass, lawn) tondre; (→ bush, tree) tailler; (reap → crop) couper, faucher;
    I'll have to cut the grass this weekend il faudra que je tonde la pelouse ce week-end;
    I cut my nails/my hair je me suis coupé les ongles/les cheveux;
    you've had your hair cut vous vous êtes fait couper les cheveux
    (d) (shape → dress, suit) couper; (→ diamond, glass, key) tailler; (→ screw) fileter; (dig → channel, tunnel) creuser, percer; (engrave) graver; (sculpt) sculpter;
    steps had been cut in the rock on avait taillé des marches dans le rocher;
    we cut our way through the crowd nous nous sommes frayé ou ouvert un chemin à travers la foule;
    the advance cut a swath through the enemy's defences l'avance des troupes ouvrit une brèche dans la défense ennemie;
    proverb cut your coat according to your cloth = il ne faut pas vivre au-dessus de ses moyens
    (e) (cross, traverse) couper, croiser; Mathematics couper;
    where the path cuts the road à l'endroit où le chemin coupe la route
    (f) (interrupt) interrompre, couper;
    to cut sb short couper la parole à qn;
    we had to cut our visit short nous avons dû écourter notre visite;
    his career was tragically cut short by illness sa carrière a été tragiquement interrompue par la maladie;
    to cut a long story short, I left bref ou en deux mots, je suis parti
    (g) (stop) arrêter, cesser;
    he cut working weekends il a arrêté de travailler le weekend;
    cut the very familiar crap or vulgar shit! arrête tes conneries!
    (h) (switch off) couper;
    cut the lights! coupez la lumière!, éteignez!;
    he cut the engine il a coupé ou arrêté le moteur
    (i) (reduce → numbers, spending) réduire; (→ production) diminuer; (→ speech) abréger, raccourcir;
    we cut our costs by half nous avons réduit nos frais de moitié;
    they cut taxes in the run-up to the election ils ont réduit les impôts juste avant les élections;
    to cut prices casser les prix;
    the athlete cut five seconds off the world record or cut the world record by five seconds l'athlète a amélioré le record mondial de cinq secondes
    (j) Cinema & Television (edit out) faire des coupures dans, réduire; (drop) couper;
    the censors cut all scenes of violence la censure a coupé ou supprimé toutes les scènes de violence;
    the film was cut to 100 minutes le film a été ramené à 100 minutes
    (k) (hurt feelings of) blesser profondément;
    her remark cut me deeply sa remarque m'a profondément blessé
    (l) familiar (ignore, snub)
    they cut me (dead) in the street dans la rue ils ont fait comme s'ils ne me voyaient pas ;
    he cut me dead for days after our argument il m'a battu froid pendant des jours après notre dispute
    (m) familiar (absent oneself from → meeting, appointment etc) manquer (volontairement), sauter ;
    I had to cut lunch in order to get there on time j'ai dû me passer de déjeuner pour arriver à l'heure;
    the students cut class les étudiants ont séché le cours;
    to cut school sécher les cours
    (n) (tooth) percer;
    the baby is cutting his first tooth le bébé perce sa première dent;
    familiar figurative a pianist who cut her teeth on Bach une pianiste qui s'est fait la main sur du Bach
    (o) (dilute) couper
    (p) (record, track) graver, faire
    to cut the cards couper
    (r) Cinema (edit → film) monter
    (t) Sport (ball) couper
    to cut the ground from under sb's feet couper l'herbe sous le pied de qn;
    her promotion cut the ground from under his feet sa promotion lui a coupé l'herbe sous le pied;
    familiar he couldn't cut it, he couldn't cut the mustard il n'était pas à la hauteur ;
    to cut sth fine compter un peu juste, ne pas se laisser de marge;
    you're cutting it a bit fine vous comptez un peu juste;
    an hour is cutting it too fine une heure, ce n'est pas suffisant;
    familiar that argument cuts no ice with me cet argument ne m'impressionne pas ;
    to cut a fine figure avoir fière allure;
    to cut one's losses sauver les meubles;
    we decided to cut our losses nous avons décidé de sauver les meubles;
    to cut a caper or capers (skip) faire des cabrioles, gambader; (fool around) faire l'idiot;
    Cars to cut a corner prendre un virage à la corde, couper un virage; figurative sauter des étapes;
    figurative to cut corners (economize excessively) faire des économies exagérées; (not follow rules) contourner les règlements;
    if you cut corners now you'll just have more work to do later on si tu fais les choses trop vite maintenant, tu auras plus à faire plus tard;
    figurative she doesn't believe in cutting corners elle fait toujours les choses à fond;
    figurative they cut corners to finish on time ils ont brûlé les étapes pour finir à temps;
    old-fashioned to cut a rug danser
    (a) (incise, slash) couper, trancher;
    this knife doesn't cut ce couteau ne coupe pas bien;
    cut around the edge découpez ou coupez en suivant le bord;
    she cut into the bread elle a entamé le pain;
    the rope cut into my wrists la corde m'a coupé ou cisaillé les poignets;
    the string is cutting into me le cordon me coupe la chair;
    figurative he cut through all the red tape il s'est dispensé de toutes les formalités administratives;
    figurative the whip cut through the air le fouet fendit l'air;
    figurative the yacht cut through the waves le yacht fendait les vagues;
    Nautical the boat cut loose le bateau a rompu les amarres;
    figurative to cut loose se libérer;
    to cut and run se sauver, filer;
    that argument cuts both or two ways c'est un argument à double tranchant
    (b) (cloth, paper) se couper;
    this meat cuts easily cette viande se coupe facilement;
    the cake will cut into six pieces ce gâteau peut se couper en six
    (c) (hurtfully) faire mal
    (d) (take shorter route) couper, passer;
    cut through the back way and you'll get there first coupez par derrière et vous arriverez (là-bas) les premiers;
    we cut across the fields nous avons coupé par les champs
    (e) (cross) traverser, couper; Mathematics (lines) se couper;
    this path cuts across or through the swamp ce sentier traverse ou coupe à travers le marécage
    (f) (in cards) couper;
    they cut for the deal ils ont coupé avant de donner
    the film cuts straight from the love scene to the funeral l'image passe directement de la scène d'amour à l'enterrement;
    cut! coupez!
    3 noun
    (a) (slit) coupure f; (deeper) entaille f; (wound) balafre f; Medicine incision f;
    a cut on the arm une coupure ou une entaille au bras;
    she had a nasty cut on her leg from the fall elle s'était fait une vilaine entaille à la jambe en tombant;
    to be a cut above (the rest) être nettement mieux que les autres ou le reste;
    that film is a cut above the others ce film est nettement mieux que les autres
    (b) (act of cutting) coupure f, entaille f;
    to make a cut in sth (with knife, scissors etc) faire une entaille dans qch
    (c) (blow, stroke) coup m;
    a knife/sword cut un coup de couteau/d'épée;
    a saw cut un trait de scie;
    figurative his treachery was the unkindest cut of all sa trahison était le coup le plus perfide
    (d) (meat → piece) morceau m; (→ slice) tranche f;
    a cut off the joint un morceau de rôti;
    prime cut morceau m de (premier) choix;
    cheap cuts bas morceaux mpl
    (e) (reduction → in price, taxes) réduction f, diminution f; (→ in staff) compression f;
    a cut in government spending une réduction ou diminution des dépenses publiques;
    the cuts in the Health Service la réduction ou diminution du budget de la santé;
    she took a cut in pay elle a subi une diminution ou réduction de salaire;
    Finance the cuts les compressions fpl budgétaires;
    power or electricity cut coupure f de courant
    (f) (deletion) coupure f;
    they made several cuts in the film ils ont fait plusieurs coupures dans le film
    (g) (gibe, nasty remark) trait m, coup m
    (h) (shape, style → of clothes, hair) coupe f; (→ of jewel) taille f;
    the cut of a suit la coupe d'un costume
    (i) familiar (portion, share) part f;
    what's his cut (of the profits)? à combien s'élève sa part?
    (k) Cards coupe f
    (l) familiar (on record) plage f
    (m) Cinema & Television coupe f;
    the cut from the love scene to the funeral le changement de séquence de la scène d'amour à l'enterrement
    (n) Sport (in tennis → backspin) effet m; (in cricket) coup m tranchant
    (p) British (body of water) étendue f d'eau; (canal) canal m
    I prefer a finer/coarser cut of tobacco je préfère le tabac plus fin/grossier
    the cut and thrust of parliamentary debate les joutes oratoires des débats parlementaires;
    the cut and thrust of the business world la concurrence féroce qui règne dans le monde des affaires;
    it's cut and thrust la lutte est acharnée
    (a) (hand, flowers) coupé; (tobacco) découpé
    (b) (reduced) réduit; (shortened) raccourci;
    to sell sth at cut prices vendre qch au rabais;
    the cut version of the film la version raccourcie du film
    (c) (shaped → clothing) coupé; (faceted → gem) taillé;
    a well-cut suit un costume bien coupé ou de bonne coupe
    (d) British familiar (drunk) soûl, plein
    ►► cut glass cristal m taillé;
    Computing cut sheet feed dispositif m d'alimentation feuille à feuille; (act) alimentation f feuille à feuille;
    Computing cut sheet feeder dispositif m d'alimentation feuille à feuille
    (a) (cross, traverse) traverser, couper à travers;
    it's quicker if you cut across the fields c'est plus rapide si tu coupes à travers (les) champs;
    they cut across country ils ont coupé à travers champs
    (b) (go beyond) surpasser, transcender;
    the issue cuts across party lines la question transcende le clivage des partis
    (c) (contradict) contredire, aller à l'encontre de;
    it cuts across all my principles ça va à l'encontre de tous mes principes
    (remove) enlever ou ôter (en coupant); (branch) élaguer, émonder;
    they had to cut away the wreckage to reach the victim ils ont dû découper l'épave pour atteindre la victime
    (a) (return) rebrousser chemin, revenir sur ses pas;
    we cut back to the car nous sommes revenus à la voiture
    (b) Cinema & Television revenir en arrière
    (c) (financially) économiser, réduire les dépenses
    (a) (reduce) réduire, diminuer;
    arms spending has been cut right back les dépenses d'armement ont été nettement réduites
    (b) (prune, trim) tailler; (shrub, tree) élaguer, tailler
    (financially) économiser sur; (time) réduire;
    the factory cut back on production la fabrique a réduit la production
    (a) (tree) couper, abattre; (person → in battle) abattre;
    figurative he was cut down by malaria (killed) il est mort de la malaria; (incapacitated) il était terrassé par la malaria;
    literary to be cut down in one's prime être fauché à la fleur de l'âge
    (b) (make smaller → article, speech) abréger; (→ clothing) rendre plus petit;
    to cut sth down to about 150,000 words réduire qch à environ 150 000 mots;
    she cuts down her dresses for her daughter elle ajuste ses robes pour sa fille;
    to cut sb down to size remettre qn à sa place
    (c) (curtail) réduire, diminuer; (expenses) réduire, rogner;
    we've been asked to cut down the amount of time we devote to sports on nous a demandé de consacrer moins de temps au sport;
    he cut his smoking down to ten a day il ne fume plus que dix cigarettes par jour
    (expenditure) réduire;
    I'm going to cut down on drinking/smoking je vais boire/fumer moins;
    they have cut down on eating out in restaurants ils vont moins souvent au restaurant;
    to cut down on the amount of time spent doing sth passer moins de temps à faire qch
    cut in
    (a) (interrupt) interrompre;
    she cut in on their conversation elle est intervenue dans leur conversation;
    he cut in on me to ask a question il m'a coupé la parole pour poser une question;
    figurative the new store is cutting in on our business le nouveau magasin nous fait perdre de la clientèle
    (b) Cars faire une queue de poisson;
    the taxi cut in on them le taxi leur a fait une queue de poisson
    mind if I cut in? vous permettez que je vous emprunte votre partenaire?
    (include) we should cut him in on the deal nous devrions l'intéresser à l'affaire
    to cut into a conversation intervenir dans ou interrompre brusquement la conversation
    to cut into one's savings entamer ses économies;
    this work cuts into my free time ce travail empiète sur mes heures de loisir
    (a) (hair, piece of meat, bread) couper; (arm, leg) amputer, couper;
    they cut off the king's head ils ont décapité le roi;
    he was cut off in his prime il a été emporté à la fleur de l'âge;
    she cut off her nose to spite her face elle s'est fait du tort en voulant se venger
    (b) (interrupt → speaker) interrompre, couper;
    he was cut off in mid sentence il a été interrompu au milieu de sa phrase
    (c) (disconnect, discontinue) couper;
    Telecommunications he's been cut off (during conversation) il a été coupé; (disconnected) on lui a coupé le téléphone;
    they cut off the electricity or power ils ont coupé le courant;
    they cut off his allowance ils lui ont coupé les vivres;
    her family cut her off without a penny sa famille l'a déshéritée;
    it cut off the supply of blood to the brain cela a empêché l'irrigation du cerveau
    (d) (separate, isolate) isoler;
    the house was cut off by snow drifts la maison était isolée par des congères;
    he cut himself off from his family il a rompu avec sa famille;
    housewives often feel cut off les femmes au foyer se sentent souvent isolées
    (e) (bar passage of) couper la route à;
    the police cut off the thief la police a barré le passage au voleur;
    the battalion cut off the enemy's retreat le bataillon a coupé la retraite à l'ennemi
    cut out
    (a) (make by cutting → coat, dress) couper, tailler; (→ statue) sculpter, tailler;
    a valley cut out by the river une vallée creusée par le fleuve;
    figurative to be cut out for sth être fait pour qch, avoir des dispositions pour qch;
    I'm not cut out for living abroad je ne suis pas fait pour vivre à l'étranger;
    he's not cut out to be a politician il n'a pas l'étoffe d'un homme politique;
    you have your work cut out for you vous avez du pain sur la planche ou de quoi vous occuper;
    she'll have her work cut out to finish the report on time elle va avoir du mal à finir le rapport à temps
    (b) (remove by cutting → article, picture) découper; Medicine (→ tumour etc) enlever;
    advertisements cut out from or of the paper des annonces découpées dans le journal
    (c) (eliminate) supprimer; (stop) arrêter;
    unnecessary expense must be cut out il faut éliminer ou supprimer les frais superflus;
    they cut out all references to the president ils ont supprimé toute référence au président;
    try and cut out all unnecessary details essayez de supprimer tous les détails superflus;
    he cut out smoking il a arrêté de fumer;
    cut out the screaming! arrête de crier!, assez crié!;
    familiar cut it out! ça suffit!, ça va comme ça!
    (d) familiar (rival) supplanter
    (e) (deprive) priver;
    his father cut him out of his will son père l'a rayé de son testament;
    they cut him out of his share ils lui ont escroqué sa part
    (f) Photography & Typography détourer
    (a) (machine, engine → stop operating) caler; (→ switch off) s'éteindre
    (b) American familiar (leave) mettre les bouts, calter
    cut up
    (a) (food, wood) couper; (meat → carve) découper; (→ chop up) hacher; (body) couper en morceaux
    (b) (usu passive) familiar (affect deeply) she's really cut up about her dog's death la mort de son chien a été un coup pour elle ;
    he's very cut up about it ça l'a beaucoup affecté
    that really cut me up! ça m'a fait rire!
    (d) British Cars faire une queue de poisson de
    (a) American (fool around) faire le pitre
    to cut up rough se mettre en rogne ou en boule

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > cut

  • 7 Spínola, Antônio de

    (1910-1996)
       Senior army general, hero of Portugal's wars of African insurgency, and first president of the provisional government after the Revolution of 25 April 1974. A career army officer who became involved in politics after a long career of war service and administration overseas, Spinola had a role in the 1974 coup and revolution that was somewhat analogous to that of General Gomes da Costa in the 1926 coup.
       Spinola served in important posts as a volunteer in Portugal's intervention in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39), a military observer on the Russian front with the Third Reich's armed forces in World War II, and a top officer in the Guarda Nacional Republicana (GNR). His chief significance in contemporary affairs, however, came following his military assignments and tours of duty in Portugal's colonial wars in Africa after 1961.
       Spinola fought first in Angola and later in Guinea- Bissau, where, during 1968-73, he was both commanding general of Portugal's forces and high commissioner (administrator of the territory). His Guinean service tour was significant for at least two reasons: Spinola's dynamic influence upon a circle of younger career officers on his staff in Guinea, men who later joined together in the Armed Forces Movement (MFA), and Spinola's experience of failure in winning the Guinea war militarily or finding a political means for compromise or negotiation with the Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC), the African insurgent movement that had fought a war with Portugal since 1963, largely in the forested tropical interior of the territory. Spinola became discouraged after failure to win permission to negotiate secretly for a political solution to the war with the PAIGC and was reprimanded by Prime Minister Marcello Caetano.
       After his return—not in triumph—from Guinea in 1973, Spinola was appointed chief of staff of the armed forces, but he resigned in a dispute with the government. With the assistance of younger officers who also had African experience of costly but seemingly endless war, Spinola wrote a book, Portugal and the Future, which was published in February 1974, despite official censorship and red tape. Next to the Bible and editions of Luís de Camoes's The Lusi- ads, Spinola's controversial book was briefly the best-selling work in Portugal's modern age. While not intimately involved with the budding conspiracy among career army majors, captains, and others, Spinola was prepared to head such a movement, and the planners depended on his famous name and position as senior army officer with the right credentials to win over both military and civil opinion when and where it counted.
       When the Revolution of 25 April 1974 succeeded, Spinola was named head of the Junta of National Salvation and eventually provisional president of Portugal. Among the military revolutionaries, though, there was wide disagreement about the precise goals of the revolution and how to achieve them. Spinola's path-breaking book had subtly proposed three new goals: the democratization of authoritarian Portugal, a political solution to the African colonial wars, and liberalization of the economic system. The MFA immediately proclaimed, not coincidentally, the same goals, but without specifying the means to attain them.
       The officers who ran the newly emerging system fell out with Spinola over many issues, but especially over how to decolonize Portugal's besieged empire. Spinola proposed a gradualist policy that featured a free referendum by all colonial voters to decide between a loose federation with Portugal or complete independence. MFA leaders wanted more or less immediate decolonization, a transfer of power to leading African movements, and a pullout of Portugal's nearly 200,000 troops in three colonies. After a series of crises and arguments, Spinola resigned as president in September 1974. He conspired for a conservative coup to oust the leftists in power, but the effort failed in March 1975, and Spinola was forced to flee to Spain and then to Brazil. Some years later, he returned to Portugal, lived in quiet retirement, and could be seen enjoying horseback riding. In the early 1980s, he was promoted to the rank of marshal, in retirement.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Spínola, Antônio de

  • 8 Carmona, António Óscar de Fragoso

    (1869-1951)
       Career army officer, one of the founders of the Estado Novo (1926-74), and the longest-serving president of the republic of that regime (1926-51). Born in Lisbon in 1869, the son of a career cavalry officer, Oscar Carmona entered the army in 1888 and became a lieutenant in 1894, in the same cavalry regiment in which his father had served. He rose rapidly, and became a general during the turbulent First Republic, briefly served as minister of war in 1923, and achieved public notoriety as prosecutor for the military in one of the famous trials of military personnel in an abortive 1925 coup. General Carmona was one of the key supporters of the 28 May 1926 military coup that overthrew the unstable republic and established the initially unstable military dictatorship (1926-33), which was the political system that founded the Estado Novo (1933-74).
       Carmona took power as president upon the ousting of the Twenty-eighth of May coup leader, General Gomes da Costa, and guided the military dictatorship through political and economic uncertainty until the regime settled upon empowering Antônio de Oliveira Salazar with extraordinary fiscal authority as minister of finance (April 1928). Elected in a managed election based on limited male suffrage in 1928, President Carmona served as the Dictatorship's president of the republic until his death in office in 1951 at age 81. In political creed a moderate republican not a monarchist, General (and later Marshal) Carmona played an essential role in the Dictatorship, which involved a division of labor between Dr. Salazar, who, as prime minister since July 1932 was responsible for the daily management of the government, and Carmona, who was responsible for managing civil-military relations in the system, maintaining smooth relations with Dr. Salazar, and keeping the armed forces officer corps in line and out of political intervention.
       Carmona's amiable personality and reputation for personal honesty, correctness, and hard work combined well with a friendly relationship with the civilian dictator Salazar. Especially in the period 1928-44, in his more vigorous years in the position, Carmona's role was vital in both the political and ceremonial aspects of his job. Car-mona's ability to balance the relationship with Salazar and the pressures and demands from a sometimes unhappy army officer corps that, following the civilianization of the regime in the early 1930s, could threaten military intervention in politics and government, was central to the operation of the regime.
       After 1944, however, Carmona was less effective in this role. His tiring ceremonial visits around Portugal, to the Atlantic Islands, and to the overseas empire became less frequent; younger generations of officers grew alienated from the regime; and Carmona suffered from the mental and physical ailments of old age. In the meantime, Salazar assumed the lion's share of political power and authority, all the while placing his own appointees in office. This, along with the regime's political police (PVDE or PIDE), Republican National Guard, and civil service, as well as a circle of political institutions that monopolized public office, privilege, and decision making, made Carmona's role as mediator-intermediary between the career military and the largely civilian-managed system significantly less important. Increasingly feeble and less aware of events around him, Carmona died in office in April 1951 and was replaced by Salazar's chosen appointee, General (and later Marshal) Francisco Craveiro Lopes, who was elected president of the republic in a regime-managed election.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Carmona, António Óscar de Fragoso

  • 9 late

    leit
    1. adjective
    1) (coming etc after the expected or usual time: The train is late tonight; I try to be punctual but I am always late.) tarde, atrasado
    2) (far on in the day or night: late in the day; late at night; It was very late when I got to bed.) tarde
    3) (dead, especially recently: the late king.) difunto, fallecido
    4) (recently, but no longer, holding an office or position: Mr Allan, the late chairman, made a speech.) anterior

    2. adverb
    1) (after the expected or usual time: He arrived late for his interview.) tarde
    2) (far on in the day or night: They always go to bed late.) tarde
    - lately
    - later on
    - of late

    late1 adj
    1. tarde
    you're late, we've missed the plane llegas tarde, hemos perdido el avión
    2. a finales de
    late2 adv
    1. tarde
    2. con retraso
    tr[leɪt]
    1 (not on time) tardío,-a
    3 euphemistic use (dead) difunto,-a, fallecido,-a
    4 (former) anterior
    5 (last-minute) de última hora
    1 tarde
    2 (recently) recientemente
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    of late últimamente
    to be late in doing something tardar en hacer algo
    to keep late hours acostarse tarde
    late ['leɪt] adv, later ; latest
    1) : tarde
    to arrive late: llegar tarde
    to sleep late: dormir hasta tarde
    2) : a última hora, a finales
    late in the month: a finales del mes
    3) recently: recién, últimamente
    as late as last year: todavía en el año pasado
    late adj, later ; latest
    1) tardy: tardío, de retraso
    to be late: llegar tarde
    2) : avanzado
    because of the late hour: a causa de la hora avanzada
    3) deceased: difunto, fallecido
    4) recent: reciente, último
    our late quarrel: nuestra última pelea
    adj.
    antiguo, -a adj.
    atrasado, -a adj.
    avanzado, -a adj.
    de fines de adj.
    difunto, -a adj.
    fallecido, -a adj.
    finado, -a adj.
    malogrado, -a adj.
    moderno, -a adj.
    reciente adj.
    tarde adj.
    tardío, -a adj.
    adv.
    tarde adv.

    I leɪt
    adjective later, latest
    1) (after correct, scheduled time)

    the late arrival/departure of the train — el retraso en la llegada/salida del tren

    to be late\<\<person\>\> llegar* tarde

    to make something/somebody late: she made me late for my class me hizo llegar tarde a clase; the accident made the train late el accidente hizo que el tren se retrasara; to be late FOR/WITH something: you'll be late for work/the train vas a llegar tarde al trabajo/perder el tren; I'm late with the rent — estoy atrasado con el alquiler

    2)

    to have a late night/breakfast — acostarse*/desayunar tarde

    b) <chrysanthemum/potatoes> tardío

    he was a late developer — ( physically) se desarrolló tarde; ( intellectually) maduró tarde

    3)
    b) (before n) <shift/bus> último

    the late filmla película de la noche or (CS) de trasnoche

    in late April/summer — a finales or fines de abril/del verano

    4) (before n)
    a) ( deceased) difunto (frml)
    b) ( former) antiguo

    II
    adverb later, latest
    1) (after correct, scheduled time) <arrive/leave> tarde
    2) ( after usual time) <work/sleep> hasta tarde; <mature/bloom> tarde, más tarde de lo normal
    3)
    a) ( recently)
    b)

    of late — últimamente, en los últimos tiempos

    late in the morning/afternoon — a última hora de la mañana/tarde

    late in the week/year — a finales de la semana/del año

    5) ( far on in time) tarde

    late at night — tarde por la noche, bien entrada la noche

    [leɪt] (compar later) (superl latest)
    1. ADV
    1) (=towards end of period, day, month etc)

    late at night — muy de noche, ya entrada la noche

    late in the morning — a última hora de la mañana

    late in 1992/May — a finales del año 1992/de mayo

    it wasn't until late in his career that he became famous — solo al final de su carrera se hizo famoso, solo en los últimos años de su carrera se hizo famoso

    late into the night — hasta bien entrada la noche

    late that night I got a phone call — ya entrada la noche recibí una llamada de teléfono

    too late — demasiado tarde

    (=too late)
    2) (=after the usual time) [get up, go to bed] tarde

    she came late to acting — empezó a actuar ya mayor

    Liz had started learning German quite late in life — Liz había empezado a aprender alemán ya mayor

    to sleep late — levantarse tarde

    to stay up late — irse a la cama tarde, trasnochar

    to work late — trabajar hasta tarde

    3) (=after arranged/scheduled time) [arrive] tarde, con retraso

    he arrived ten minutes late — llegó con diez minutos de retraso, llegó diez minutos tarde

    they arrived late for dinner — llegaron tarde or con retraso a la cena

    we're running late this morning — llevamos retraso esta mañana

    we're running about 40 minutes late — llevamos unos 40 minutos de retraso, llevamos un retraso de unos 40 minutos

    4) (=recently)

    as late as — aún en

    of late — frm últimamente, recientemente

    Jane Smith, late of Bristol — frm Jane Smith, domiciliada hasta hace poco en Bristol

    2. ADJ
    1) (=towards end of period, day, month etc)

    late morningúltima hora f de la mañana

    late eveningúltima hora f de la tarde

    in late September/spring — a finales de septiembre/de la primavera

    to be in one's late thirties/forties — rondar los cuarenta/cincuenta, tener cerca de cuarenta/cincuenta años

    it's getting late — se está haciendo tarde

    late goalgol m de última hora

    I apologize for arriving at this late hoursiento llegar a estas horas

    even at this late stageincluso a estas alturas

    2) (=after arranged or scheduled time)

    I apologize for my late arrival — perdone/perdonen mi retraso

    we apologize for the late arrival/departure of this train — les rogamos disculpen el retraso en la llegada/salida de este tren

    our train was late again — nuestro tren se retrasó otra vez, nuestro tren llegó con retraso otra vez

    as usual, Jim was late — como siempre, Jim llegó tarde or con retraso, como siempre, Jim se retrasó

    sorry I'm late! — ¡siento llegar tarde or con retraso!

    you're late! — ¡llegas tarde!

    the train is 20 minutes late — el tren llega con 20 minutos de retraso, el tren lleva un retraso de 20 minutos

    I was already ten minutes late — ya llegaba diez minutos tarde, ya llevaba diez minutos de retraso

    I'm late for my train — voy a perder el tren

    a fault on the plane made us two hours late — una avería en el avión nos retrasó dos horas

    we got off to a late startempezamos tarde or con retraso

    I was late with the payments — me había retrasado en los pagos

    3) (=after usual or normal time) [reservation, booking] de última hora; [crop, flowers] tardío

    we had a late breakfast/ lunch — desayunamos/comimos tarde

    Easter is late this year — la Semana Santa cae tarde este año

    "late opening till ten pm on Fridays" — "los viernes cerramos a las diez"

    my period is late — se me está retrasando la regla

    spring is late this year — la primavera llega tarde este año

    night 1., 1)
    4)

    too late — demasiado tarde

    they tried to operate, but it was too late — intentaron operar, pero era demasiado tarde

    it's never too late to... — nunca es demasiado tarde para...

    little
    5) (Hist, Art)

    late Baroquebarroco m tardío

    6) (=dead) difunto
    7) frm (=former) antiguo
    3.
    CPD

    late edition Nedición f de última hora

    developer

    late trading N — (St Ex) operaciones fpl tras el cierre

    * * *

    I [leɪt]
    adjective later, latest
    1) (after correct, scheduled time)

    the late arrival/departure of the train — el retraso en la llegada/salida del tren

    to be late\<\<person\>\> llegar* tarde

    to make something/somebody late: she made me late for my class me hizo llegar tarde a clase; the accident made the train late el accidente hizo que el tren se retrasara; to be late FOR/WITH something: you'll be late for work/the train vas a llegar tarde al trabajo/perder el tren; I'm late with the rent — estoy atrasado con el alquiler

    2)

    to have a late night/breakfast — acostarse*/desayunar tarde

    b) <chrysanthemum/potatoes> tardío

    he was a late developer — ( physically) se desarrolló tarde; ( intellectually) maduró tarde

    3)
    b) (before n) <shift/bus> último

    the late filmla película de la noche or (CS) de trasnoche

    in late April/summer — a finales or fines de abril/del verano

    4) (before n)
    a) ( deceased) difunto (frml)
    b) ( former) antiguo

    II
    adverb later, latest
    1) (after correct, scheduled time) <arrive/leave> tarde
    2) ( after usual time) <work/sleep> hasta tarde; <mature/bloom> tarde, más tarde de lo normal
    3)
    a) ( recently)
    b)

    of late — últimamente, en los últimos tiempos

    late in the morning/afternoon — a última hora de la mañana/tarde

    late in the week/year — a finales de la semana/del año

    5) ( far on in time) tarde

    late at night — tarde por la noche, bien entrada la noche

    English-spanish dictionary > late

  • 10 Saldanha, Duke of

    (1790-1876)
       Born João Carlos de Saldanha Oliveira Daun, and later called duke, marshal, count, and marquis of Saldanha, he pursued a military career and personified military intervention in 19th-century politics. Saldanha fought against the French in the Peninsular War, as well as in conflicts in Uruguay and Brazil, and he backed the constitutional monarchist cause of King Pedro IV. Perhaps the most famous of career officers during the century, in his younger years he was often in exile. Critics quipped that his true name was "Dom João VII" for his imperious manner. As minister and prime minister in various liberal governments after 1851, his name later became used as a generic term for an impetuously planned military coup, a "Saldanhada," meaning a military golpe almost whimsical in spirit, carried out by a wild, headstrong general.
       A soldier from the tender age of 14, Saldanha was a much-discussed figure during various generations of soldiers and politicians. The writer Oliveira Martins later described the man as "a liberal and Portuguese Cid," after El Cid, the Castilian crusading warrior who fought Muslims in medieval Spain. For the constitutional liberal cause of Regent Dom Pedro, Saldanha's personal valor and military prowess were essential in the civil wars, and his prestige in the military was important in the era of the Regeneration of 1851-70; however, this officer lacked political ideas and was out of his element in governance. Queen Maria II, however, in part owed her throne to the force of this military personality who had become a general at age 27. In later life, Saldanha, loaded with honors and freighted with medals, served as Portugal's ambassador in Paris and London, in which city he died at his last post.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Saldanha, Duke of

  • 11 turn

    [tɜːn] 1. гл.
    1) = turn over
    а) поворачиваться, повёртываться

    The key turned and grated in the lock. — Ключ повернулся и заскрежетал в замке.

    The car turned over. — Машина перевернулась.

    All faces turned towards him as he rose. — Все лица повернулись к нему, когда он поднялся.

    She softly turned the handle of the door. — Она бесшумно повернула ручку двери.

    Syn:
    2)
    а) вращаться, кружиться

    I looked at the handbill and my head turned. — Я взглянул на расписку и у меня закружилась голова.

    б) вертеть, вращать
    Syn:
    3) = turn over

    He turned the page and went on reading. — Он перевернул страницу и стал читать дальше.

    Syn:
    4) загибать, сгибать

    His mustaches were turned and curled. — Его усы были закручены и завиты.

    5)
    а) менять направление, поворачивать

    I shall turn to the left, and leave the road. — Я сверну налево и сойду с дороги.

    He turned from the road, and descended the path towards the hut. — Он свернул с дороги и по тропинке стал спускаться к хижине.

    The man with the umbrella turned the corner again. — Человек с зонтиком снова повернул за угол.

    He turned abruptly and walked away. — Он резко повернулся и вышел.

    Syn:
    б) заставлять отступать, менять направление

    The snapping of a dry stick is not sufficient to turn the tiger. — Треска сухой палки недостаточно, чтобы отогнать тигра.

    6) обходить, огибать
    7) отправлять, выгонять

    You will not turn me from your door. — Вы не прогоните меня от своих дверей.

    8)
    а) загнуться; затупиться

    If it be too soft, the edge will turn or bend. — Если лезвие будет слишком мягким, оно затупится или загнётся.

    9) = turn up вспахивать, пахать ( землю)
    11) вывихнуть, получить вывих
    12)
    а) вызывать тошноту; вызывать отвращение
    - turn the stomach of smb.
    б) не принимать, извергать ( о желудке)
    13) стр. конструировать, строить (арки, сводчатые перекрытия)
    15) вязать круговой вязкой (например, пятку носка)
    16) точить, обтачивать ( на токарном станке)
    17) менять (ход чего-л.)

    These thirty six votes turned the election. — Эти тридцать шесть голосов изменили исход выборов.

    18) ( turn to)
    а) направлять на (что-л. / кого-л.), сосредоточивать на (чём-л. / ком-л.)

    to turn one's hand to smth. — приниматься за что-л.

    The crowd then turned their anger on Prime Minister. — Затем толпа обратила свой гнев против премьер-министра.

    We turned our attention to poor Tom. — Мы сосредоточили своё внимание на бедном Томе.

    Let us now turn from the poems to the author's personal career. — Давайте теперь перейдём от стихотворений к жизни самого автора.

    19) ( turn to) прибегать к ( помощи), обращаться за (помощью, информацией и т. п.)

    Once more we have to turn to a German writer for information. — Нам необходимо снова обратиться к немецкому писателю за информацией.

    20) ( turn to)
    а) обращаться к (Богу, вере); переходить в ( другую веру)

    It is never too late to turn to God. — Никогда не поздно обратиться к Богу.

    б) обращать (кого-л. к Богу, в какую-л. веру)
    21) завербовать, заставить (кого-л.) действовать против своей страны, друзей ( в качестве шпиона)

    Several have been "turned" only after being shown evidence from another "supergrass". — Нескольких человек завербовали только после того, как показали им свидетельства ещё одного "стукача".

    23) достигать, доходить до (какого-л. значения; о возрасте, времени, количестве)

    He turned seventy. — Ему исполнилось семьдесят.

    24) превращать (во что-л.)
    25)
    26)
    а) портиться; скисать, сквашиваться
    б) портить; сквашивать
    27)
    а) менять цвет, становиться другого цвета
    б) менять цвет (чего-л.)

    His own criticism was turned against him. — Его собственная критика обернулась против него.

    He turns everyone against himself. — Он восстанавливает всех против себя.

    а) зависеть от (чего-л.)

    Much turns on his answer. — Многое зависит от его ответа.

    б) крутиться вокруг (чего-л.; о разговоре, дебатах и т. п.)

    The debate did not turn on any practical proposition. — Дебаты не привели к выработке какого бы то ни было практического предложения.

    30) (turn + прил.) делаться, становиться, превращаться

    to turn red — вспыхнуть, покраснеть

    to turn white — побелеть; побледнеть

    The leaves turned yellow. — Листья пожелтели.

    Lassie turned very white, and gasped for breath. — Девушка страшно побледнела и почувствовала, что ей нечем дышать.

    Their grief turned to hysteria when the funeral procession arrived at the cemetery. — Их горе перешло в истерию, когда они добрались до кладбища.

    - turn around
    - turn aside
    - turn away
    - turn back
    - turn down
    - turn in
    - turn off
    - turn on
    - turn round
    - turn up
    ••

    to turn smb. round one's (little) finger — подчинить кого-л., вить верёвки из кого-л.

    to turn up one's heelsразг. протянуть ноги, скончаться

    to turn King's / Queen's / State's evidence — выдать сообщников и стать свидетелем обвинения

    - turn upside down
    - turn loose
    - turn smb.'s head
    - turn heads
    2. сущ.
    1)
    а) вращение, вращательное движение, круговое движение
    Syn:
    б) кувыркание ( в гимнастике), сальто, кульбит
    Syn:
    2) поворачивание, изменение направления
    Syn:
    4)
    а) поворот, вираж

    right turn!воен. направо!

    left turn!воен. налево!

    about turn!воен. кругом!

    б) авиа разворот
    в) изгиб ( дороги); излучина ( реки)
    Syn:
    shift 1.
    8) короткая прогулка, поездка

    to take / go for a turn — прогуляться

    9) перемена; изменение ( состояния)

    We all suffered of that nasty turn in the weather. — Нам всем было очень тяжело, когда погода испортилась.

    He hopes for a turn in his luck. — Он надеется, что ему повезёт.

    My affairs have taken a bad turn. — Мои дела приняли дурной оборот.

    Syn:
    11) очередь, хвост

    to take turnsделать (что-л.) поочерёдно, сменяться

    - by turns
    - by turn
    - in turn
    - out of turn
    Syn:
    12) очередной номер программы, выход; интермедия, сценка
    13)

    He has an optimistic turn of mind. — Он оптимист.

    б) склонность (к чему-л.)

    She has a turn for music. — У неё есть музыкальные способности.

    в) стиль, манера, отличительная черта
    14) разг.
    а) нервное потрясение, шок

    to give smb. a turn — взволновать кого-л.

    б) приступ, припадок
    15)
    а) строение, форма
    б) оборот, построение ( фразы)
    16)
    а) вет. ценуроз, вертячка овец
    б) овца, больная ценурозом
    17) механизм, совершающий вращательные движения
    а) лебёдка, ворот
    Syn:
    б) прялка, веретено
    Syn:
    Syn:
    lathe 1.
    18) ( turns) менструации
    19) полигр. марашка
    ••

    at every turn — на каждом шагу, постоянно

    One good turn deserves another. посл. — Услуга за услугу.

    - do a good turn
    - do an ill turn

    Англо-русский современный словарь > turn

  • 12 Galvão, Henrique

    (1895-1970)
       Army officer and oppositionist of the Estado Novo. A career army officer with considerable service in the African colonies, especially as an administrator in Angola in the 1930s, Galvão was an enthusiastic supporter of the Estado Novo in its early phase (1926-44). As a young officer, he supported the Twenty- eighth of May coup against the republic, and soon held middle-level posts in the Estado Novo. An early booster of the cultural and political potential of the radio and public spectacles, Galvão did little soldiering but more administration in radio and was appointed to manage the June-December 1940 Exposition of the Portuguese World in Lisbon. After a tour of the African colonies as inspector-general, he presented a confidential report (1947) to the regime's National Assembly in Lisbon. His findings revealed widespread abuse of authority and forced labor and semislavery in Angola and other colonies.
       The regime's suppression of this report and its negative response precipitated Galvao's break with Prime Minister Antônio de Oliveira Salazar's government. Galvão was harassed by the political police (PIDE) and arrested and tried for treason in 1952. Imprisoned, he escaped, disguised as a woman, from Santa Maria hospital in 1959 and fled to South America, where he organized opposition groups to the Estado Novo. In early 1961, Galvão got world media coverage when he led a group of about a dozen Iberian dissidents who participated in an early act of political terrorism: the hijacking at sea of the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria, drawing the attention of the world's journalists and public to the flaws in the Estado Novo and attempting to arouse a revolution against the Lisbon authorities by sailing the liner to Portuguese Africa ( São Tomé or Angola). This bold enterprise failed, the liner and the hijackers were interned in Brazil, and Galvão continued in the political wilderness as an adventurer/oppositionist. He died in South America in 1970, the same year as his bête noire, Dr. Salazar.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Galvão, Henrique

  • 13 a marked man

    1) видный, известный человек

    His career in the University has already made him a marked man in the House of Commons, and great things are expected of him. (SPI) — Его положение в университете помогло ему выдвинуться и в палате общин. От него ждут многого.

    2) человек, запятнавший себя чем-л., пользующийся дурной славой; человек, вызывающий подозрение, враждебность

    Censure from a Prime minister could cut a civil servant down; make him a marked man, with promotion barred. (A. Halley, ‘In High Places’, ch. 18) — чиновник, получивший выговор от премьер-министра, может считать свою карьеру оконченной. На нем ставят крест, и всякое продвижение по службе для него закрыто.

    It's true he has come out of prison, but wherever he goes he's a marked man and no one'll speak to him. (SPI) — Да, он вышел из тюрьмы. Но на нем осталось клеймо, и где бы он ни появился, люди будут его сторониться.

    Large English-Russian phrasebook > a marked man

  • 14 first

    [fɜːst] 1.
    1) (of series, group) primo

    the first three pages, the three first pages — le prime tre pagine

    the first few minutes — i primi minuti, i minuti iniziali

    at first glance o sight a prima vista; I'll ring first thing in the morning per prima cosa domani mattina telefono; I'll do it first thing — lo farò per prima cosa

    2.
    1) (of series, group) primo m. (-a) ( to do a fare)
    4) (beginning) inizio m.

    a first for sb., sth. — la prima volta di o per qcn., qcs

    6) at first dapprima, all'inizio, in principio
    3.
    1) aut. (anche first gear)

    to be in first — [driver, car] essere in prima

    2) BE univ.
    4.
    1) (before others) [arrive, leave] per primo

    to come firstgioc. sport arrivare primo; fig. [career, family] venire prima di tutto

    3) (to begin with) (per) prima (cosa)

    there are two reasons: first... — ci sono due ragioni: primo...

    when we were first married — all'inizio del nostro matrimonio, quando eravamo appena sposati

    4) (for the first time) per la prima volta
    ••

    there are only a few tickets: it's first come first served — ci sono pochi biglietti: saranno distribuiti ai primi che arriveranno

    first things first — procediamo con ordine, prima le cose importanti

    * * *
    [fə:st] 1. adjective, adverb
    (before all others in place, time or rank: the first person to arrive; The boy spoke first.) primo
    2. adverb
    (before doing anything else: `Shall we eat now?' `Wash your hands first!) prima
    3. noun
    (the person, animal etc that does something before any other person, animal etc: the first to arrive.) primo
    - first aid
    - first-born
    - first-class
    - first-hand
    - first-rate
    - at first
    - at first hand
    - first and foremost
    - first of all
    * * *
    [fɜːst] 1.
    1) (of series, group) primo

    the first three pages, the three first pages — le prime tre pagine

    the first few minutes — i primi minuti, i minuti iniziali

    at first glance o sight a prima vista; I'll ring first thing in the morning per prima cosa domani mattina telefono; I'll do it first thing — lo farò per prima cosa

    2.
    1) (of series, group) primo m. (-a) ( to do a fare)
    4) (beginning) inizio m.

    a first for sb., sth. — la prima volta di o per qcn., qcs

    6) at first dapprima, all'inizio, in principio
    3.
    1) aut. (anche first gear)

    to be in first — [driver, car] essere in prima

    2) BE univ.
    4.
    1) (before others) [arrive, leave] per primo

    to come firstgioc. sport arrivare primo; fig. [career, family] venire prima di tutto

    3) (to begin with) (per) prima (cosa)

    there are two reasons: first... — ci sono due ragioni: primo...

    when we were first married — all'inizio del nostro matrimonio, quando eravamo appena sposati

    4) (for the first time) per la prima volta
    ••

    there are only a few tickets: it's first come first served — ci sono pochi biglietti: saranno distribuiti ai primi che arriveranno

    first things first — procediamo con ordine, prima le cose importanti

    English-Italian dictionary > first

  • 15 Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães

    (1918-)
       Historian, academic, political figure. Internationally, Portugal's most celebrated historian of the 20th century. Born into a family with strong republican and antidictatorial tendencies, Godinho chose an academic career following his graduation (1940) in history and philosophy from the Faculty of Letters, University of Lisbon. He taught history at the same institution until 1944, when his academic career was cut short by the Estado Novo's orders. He resumed his academic career in France, where he taught history and received his doctorate in history at the Sorbonne (1959). He returned briefly to Portugal but, during the academic/political crisis of 1962, he was fired from his faculty position at the Instituto Superior de Estudos Ultramarinos in Lisbon.
       In the 1960s and early 1970s, Godinho's scholarly publications on the social and economic history of the Portuguese overseas empire (1400-1700) first made a lasting impact both in Portuguese historiography and world historiography regarding the Age of Discoveries. His notion of a world system or economy, with ample quantitative data on prices, money, and trade in the style and spirit of the French Annales School of History, had an important influence on social scientists outside Portugal, including on American scholar Immanuel Wallerstein and his world system studies. Godinho's work emphasized social and economic history before 1750, and his most notable works included Prix et monnaies au Portugal (1955), A Economia dos Descobrimentos Henriquinos (1962), and, in three volumes, Os Descobrimentos e a Economia Mundial (1963-71).
       As a staunch opponent of the Estado Novo who had been dismissed yet again from 1962 to 1971, Godinho concentrated on his research and publications, as well as continuing activity in oppositionist parties, rallies, and elections. Disillusioned by the false "Spring" of freedom under Prime Minister Marcello Caetano (1968-74), he returned to France to teach. Following the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Godinho returned to newly democratic Portugal. During several provisional governments (1974-75), he was appointed minister of education and initiated reforms. The confusing political maelstrom of revolutionary Portugal, however, discouraged his continuation in public office. He returned to university teaching and scholarship, and then helped establish a new institution of higher learning, the Universidade Nova de Lisboa (New University of Lisbon), where he retired, loaded with honors and acclaim, at age 70 in 1988.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães

  • 16 Tomás, Américo de Deus Rodrigues

    (1894-1987)
       Admiral Tomás was the last president of the republic of the Estado Novo (1958-74). Although he was selected by Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar for his exceptional qualities of loyalty to the system's principles and to the dictator, the last period of the regime, a time of crisis, tested those very characteristics. In the crisis of September 1968, when Salazar was suddenly incapacitated, Tomás selected Salazar's successor, Marcello Caetano. Later, when Caetano faltered and wished to resign his besieged office, it was Tomás' intransigence that worked to make Caetano go on.
       A career naval officer who graduated from the Naval School in 1916, Tomás rose steadily through naval ranks to top positions, including minister of the navy. Salazar chose him to be the regime's presidential candidate in the controversial 1958 elections, because he considered Tomás to be the most reliable, honest, and hardworking of the regime's military officers of the day. Twice Tomás was reelected in the managed presidential elections of 1965 and 1972, as pressures on the regime mounted.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Tomás, along with Caetano, his now reluctant prime minister, was sent into exile on Madeira Island and later to Brazil. Despite demands from leftist forces for the arrest and prosecution of Tomás, the new Lisbon government never initiated a legal case against him. Tomás was allowed to return from his Brazilian exile in July 1978, to settle in Cascais, outside Lisbon. In 1980, he was granted a state pension, but, despite numerous requests, he was not restored to his rank and membership in the navy. He died peacefully at home at age 92.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Tomás, Américo de Deus Rodrigues

  • 17 life

    1. n жизнь; существование

    this life, natural lifeземное бытие

    life afloat — жизнь на море, жизнь моряка

    precarious life — жизнь, полная опасности

    2. n жизнедеятельность

    the noise of life — шум жизни; звуки деятельности человека

    3. n живые существа, жизнь
    4. n живое существо, человек

    safe in life and limb, safe and soundживой и невредимый

    5. n собир. мир живых организмов

    as long as life endures — пока есть жизнь, пока человек жив

    6. n срок жизни, вся жизнь

    for life — на всю жизнь, до конца жизни, до смерти; пожизненно

    to be deported for life — быть высланным навечно, быть приговорённым к бессрочной ссылке

    7. n срок службы или работы; долговечность

    life test — испытания на долговечность; ресурсные испытания

    8. n образ или характер жизни

    everyday life — повседневная жизнь, быт

    to lead a fast life — вести беспутную жизнь, прожигать жизнь

    art is long, life is short — жизнь коротка, искусство вечно

    9. n общественная жизнь; взаимоотношения; общество

    high life — светское общество, высший свет; светская жизнь

    to see something of life, to see life — повидать свет, узнать жизнь

    life eternal — жизнь вечная, бессмертие

    10. n жизнеописание, биография

    life history — история жизни, биография, жизнеописание

    11. n энергия, живость; воодушевление; оживление

    any little excitement was a sauce to the monotony of a quiet life — любое незначительное событие вносило оживление в скучное однообразие жизни

    12. n самое важное, необходимое; основа; душа
    13. n жив. натура
    14. n страх. застрахованное лицо

    a cat has nine lives — у кошки девять жизней, кошки живучи

    15. a жизненный
    16. a пожизненный
    17. a с натуры
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. animation (noun) activity; animation; effervescence; energy; exhilaration; sparkle; vigor; vigour; vitality; vivacity
    2. biography (noun) autobiography; bio; biography; confession; confessions; memoir
    3. bounce (noun) bounce; resilience; spring
    4. career (noun) career; days; lifetime
    5. continuation (noun) continuation; endurance; survival
    6. creation (noun) creation; mankind; nature
    7. existence (noun) being; breath; existence; life-span; mortality
    8. experience (noun) experience; vicissitudes
    9. human (noun) body; creature; human; human being; individual; lifeblood; man; mortal; party; person; personage; soul; wight
    10. idol (noun) idol; obsession; passion
    11. spirit (noun) brio; dash; elan; esprit; gimp; oomph; spirit; verve; vim; zing
    12. term (noun) duration; term
    Антонимический ряд:
    death; decease; demise; departure; destruction; dissolution; dullness; dying; end; finish; lethargy; lifelessness; lower; mortality; passing

    English-Russian base dictionary > life

  • 18 Costa Gomes, Francisco da

    (1914-2001)
       Career military officer, key personality, and authority in transition from dictatorship to democracy, and president of the republic. Born in the remote, poor, Trás-Os-Montes district, Costa Gomes was trained as an army officer and gained experience and promotions in many postings in Portugal's overseas empire from Macau, China, to Angola and Mozambique. As a lieutenant colonel in the post of undersecretary of the army in April 1961, he was implicated in a military coup plot to overthrow Prime Minister Antônio de Oliveira Salazar. Although he was fired, Costa Gomes rebuilt his bridges, was promoted to brigadier general in 1964, and soon was appointed to important commands in the colonial wars in Portuguese Africa: first in Mozambique (1965-69) and then in Angola (1970-72). In September 1972, he returned to Portugal as head of the joint chiefs of staff, a post he kept until he broke with Prime Minister Marcello Caetano in early 1974.
       During the last part of Caetano's governance, General Costa Gomes, in tandem with his senior, more famous and charismatic colleague in arms, General Antônio de Spínola, was involved in activities that led to the organization of a successful military coup on 25 April 1974, which overthrew the 48-year-old Estado Novo. Although younger officers did most of the work organizing this action, Costa Gomes played a key role, including authorizing the publication of the sensational book by General Spínola, Portugal e o Futuro, published only two months before the Revolution of Carnations in February 1974. Spinola's book acknowledged that Portugal had to find a political not a military solution to the wars in her African colonies, and the public reception of the work helped prepare the atmosphere for a bloodless coup.
       After the successful coup by the Armed Forces Movement and the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Costa Gomes was appointed chief of defense staff. When General Spínola resigned in September 1974, Costa Gomes became president, a post he ably filled until June 1976, when General Ramalho Eanes was elected president of the republic. Costa Gomes soon withdrew from the public eye, but in 1981 was promoted to Portugal's highest military rank of marshal.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Costa Gomes, Francisco da

  • 19 throw

    throw [θrəʊ]
    lancer1 (a), 1 (e), 2, 3 (a) jeter1 (a), 1 (e) projeter1 (c), 1 (e) plonger1 (d) jet3 (a) coup3 (b) tour3 (b)
    (pt threw [θru:], pp thrown [θrəʊn])
    (a) (stone) lancer, jeter; (ball) lancer; Sport (discus, javelin etc) lancer; (dice) jeter; (coal onto fire) mettre;
    throw me the ball, throw the ball to me lance-moi le ballon;
    he threw the ball over the wall il a lancé ou envoyé le ballon par-dessus le mur;
    a bomb was thrown into the crowded waiting room une bombe a été lancée dans la salle d'attente bondée;
    could you throw me my lighter? peux-tu me lancer mon briquet?;
    she threw the serviette into the bin elle a jeté la serviette à la poubelle;
    children were throwing bread to the birds les enfants jetaient ou lançaient du pain aux oiseaux;
    he threw his jacket over a chair il a jeté sa veste sur une chaise;
    to throw a sheet over sth couvrir qch d'un drap;
    she threw a few clothes into a suitcase elle a jeté quelques affaires dans une valise;
    I threw some cold water on my face je me suis aspergé la figure avec de l'eau froide;
    a group of rioters threw stones at the police/the car un groupe de manifestants a lancé ou jeté des pierres sur les policiers/la voiture;
    he threw two sixes (with dice) il a jeté deux six;
    to throw sb into prison or jail jeter qn en prison;
    to throw sb to the lions jeter qn aux lions; figurative jeter qn en pâture
    (b) (opponent, rider) jeter (par ou à terre);
    his opponent threw him to the ground (in fight) son adversaire l'a jeté à terre; (in wrestling match) son adversaire l'a envoyé au sol ou au tapis;
    the horse threw him le cheval le désarçonna ou le jeta à terre
    (c) (with force, violence) projeter;
    she was thrown clear (in car accident) elle a été éjectée;
    the force of the explosion threw them against the wall la force de l'explosion les a projetés contre le mur;
    to throw open ouvrir en grand ou tout grand;
    she threw open the door/windows elle a ouvert la porte/les fenêtres en grand;
    figurative the House of Commons has been thrown open to the television cameras la Chambre des communes a été ouverte aux caméras de télévision;
    she threw herself into an armchair elle s'est jetée dans un fauteuil;
    he threw himself at her feet il s'est jeté à ses pieds;
    she threw herself at him (attacked) elle s'est jetée ou s'est ruée sur lui; (as lover) elle s'est jetée sur lui ou à sa tête;
    figurative he threw himself on the mercy of the king il s'en est remis au bon vouloir du roi
    (d) (plunge) plonger;
    the news threw them into confusion/a panic les nouvelles les ont plongés dans l'embarras/les ont affolés;
    the scandal has thrown the country into confusion le scandale a semé la confusion dans le pays;
    to throw oneself into one's work se plonger dans son travail;
    she threw herself into the job of organizing the wedding elle s'est plongée avec enthousiasme dans l'organisation des noces
    (e) (direct, aim → look, glance) jeter, lancer; (→ accusation, reproach) lancer, envoyer; (→ punch) lancer, porter; (cast → light, shadows) projeter;
    to throw sb a kiss envoyer un baiser à qn;
    to throw a question at sb poser une question à brûle-pourpoint à qn;
    don't throw that one at me!, don't throw that in my face! ne me faites pas ce reproche!, ne me jetez pas ça à la figure!;
    Theatre to throw one's voice projeter sa voix;
    Building industry to throw a bridge over a river jeter un pont sur une rivière
    (f) (confuse) désarçonner, dérouter, déconcerter;
    that question really threw me! cette question m'a vraiment désarçonné!, je ne savais vraiment pas quoi répondre à cette question!;
    I was completely thrown for a few seconds je suis resté tout interdit pendant quelques secondes
    (g) (activate → switch, lever, clutch) actionner
    (h) Sport (race, match) perdre délibérément
    (i) (silk) tordre;
    to throw a pot (potter) tourner un vase
    (j) Veterinary medicine (of cat, pig)
    to throw a litter mettre bas
    she can throw a hundred metres elle est capable de lancer à cent mètres;
    I can't throw straight je n'arrive pas à lancer droit
    3 noun
    (a) (of ball, javelin) jet m, lancer m; (of dice) lancer m;
    his whole fortune depended on a single throw of the dice toute sa fortune dépendait d'un seul coup de dés;
    it's your throw c'est ton tour, (c'est) à toi;
    Sport a free throw un lancer franc;
    that was a good throw! vous avez bien visé!
    (b) familiar (go, turn) coup m, tour m;
    10p a throw 10 pence le coup;
    at £20 a throw I can't afford it à 20 livres chaque fois, je ne peux pas me l'offrir ;
    give me another throw laissez-moi encore une chance
    (c) (cover) couverture f; (piece of fabric) jeté m de fauteuil ou de canapé
    ►► American throw pillow coussin m
    (a) (toss) lancer; (scatter) jeter, éparpiller;
    the boys were throwing a ball about les garçons jouaient à la balle;
    don't throw your books/toys about like that ne lance pas tes livres/jouets comme ça;
    to throw one's money about gaspiller son argent;
    to be thrown about être ballotté
    to throw oneself about s'agiter, se débattre;
    she was throwing her arms about wildly elle agitait frénétiquement les bras
    (unwanted object) rejeter, laisser de côté; (friend, work) laisser tomber, laisser de côté; (idea, suggestion) rejeter, repousser; (prejudices, fears, hatred etc) se débarrasser de
    (a) (old clothes, rubbish) jeter
    (b) figurative (waste → advantage, opportunity, talents) gaspiller, gâcher; (→ affection, friendship) perdre;
    don't throw your money away on expensive toys ne gaspille pas ton argent à acheter des jouets coûteux;
    you're throwing away your only chance of happiness vous êtes en train de gâcher votre seule chance de bonheur;
    his presents are just thrown away on her elle ne sait pas apprécier les cadeaux qu'il lui fait;
    to throw away one's life (waste) gâcher sa vie; (sacrifice for nothing) se sacrifier inutilement;
    don't throw yourself away on a waster like him ne gâche pas ta vie pour un bon à rien pareil
    (c) Theatre (line, remark) laisser tomber
    (in cards) se défausser
    (a) (gen) relancer, renvoyer; (fish) rejeter (à l'eau); figurative (image, light) réfléchir, renvoyer; (heat) réverbérer;
    she threw his words of love back at him elle lui a jeté tous ses mots d'amour à la tête;
    figurative to throw sth back in sb's face jeter qch à la figure de qn
    (b) (hair, head) rejeter en arrière; (shoulders) redresser, jeter en arrière
    (c) (curtains) ouvrir; (shutters) repousser, ouvrir tout grand; (bedclothes) repousser
    we were thrown back on our own resources on a dû se rabattre sur nos propres ressources
    can you throw the towel down to me? pouvez-vous me lancer la serviette?;
    she threw her bag down on the floor elle a jeté son sac par terre;
    to throw oneself down on the ground/on one's knees se jeter par terre/à genoux;
    he threw his cards down on the table il a jeté ses cartes sur la table;
    I threw the money down on the counter j'ai jeté l'argent sur le comptoir
    (b) (weapons) jeter, déposer;
    they threw down their arms ils ont déposé les armes
    it's throwing it down (raining) il pleut à verse, il tombe des cordes
    (a) (into box, cupboard etc) jeter; (through window) jeter, lancer;
    also figurative to throw in the towel jeter l'éponge;
    also figurative to throw in one's hand abandonner la partie
    (b) (interject → remark, suggestion) placer;
    she threw in a few comments about housing problems elle a placé quelques remarques sur les problèmes de logement
    breakfast is thrown in le petit déjeuner est compris;
    the salesman said he'd throw in a free door if we bought new windows le vendeur nous a promis une porte gratuite pour l'achat de fenêtres neuves;
    with a special trip to Stockholm thrown in avec en prime une excursion à Stockholm
    (d) Sport (ball) remettre en jeu
    American to throw in with sb s'associer à ou avec qn
    (a) (discard → clothes) enlever ou ôter (à la hâte); (→ mask, disguise) jeter;
    he threw off his shirt and dived into the water il enleva sa chemise et plongea dans l'eau
    (b) (get rid of → habit, inhibition) se défaire de, se débarrasser de; (→ burden) se libérer de, se débarrasser de; (→ cold, infection) se débarrasser de
    (c) (elude → pursuer) perdre, semer;
    he managed to throw the dogs off the trail il a réussi à dépister les chiens
    (d) (write hastily → poem etc) composer au pied levé
    (clothes) enfiler ou passer (à la hâte);
    she threw on some make-up/an old coat elle s'est maquillée/a enfilé un vieux manteau à la hâte
    (a) (rubbish, unwanted items) jeter, mettre au rebut
    (b) (eject → from building) mettre à la porte, jeter dehors; (→ from night club) jeter dehors, vider; (evict → from accommodation) expulser; (expel → from school, army) renvoyer, expulser;
    we were thrown out of our jobs on s'est fait mettre à la porte;
    the takeover will throw a lot of people out of work le rachat va mettre beaucoup de monde au chômage
    (c) (reject → bill, proposal) rejeter, repousser
    (d) (extend → arms, leg) tendre, étendre;
    to throw out one's chest bomber le torse
    (e) (make → remark, suggestion) émettre, laisser tomber;
    to throw out a challenge lancer un défi
    (f) (disturb → person) déconcerter, désorienter; (upset → calculation, results) fausser
    (g) (emit → light) émettre, diffuser; (→ smoke, heat) émettre, répandre
    familiar (girlfriend, boyfriend) quitter, laisser tomber ; (plan) abandonner, renoncer à ;
    she threw me over for another guy elle m'a laissé tomber pour un autre
    (a) familiar (make quickly → equipment, table) fabriquer à la hâte, bricoler;
    he managed to throw a meal together il a réussi à improviser un repas ;
    she threw the report together the night before elle a rédigé le rapport en vitesse la veille au soir
    (b) (gather) rassembler à la hâte;
    she threw a few things together and rang for a taxi elle a jeté quelques affaires dans un sac et a appelé un taxi
    (c) (by accident) réunir par hasard;
    Fate had thrown them together le destin les avait réunis
    (a) (above one's head) jeter ou lancer en l'air;
    can you throw me up my towel? peux-tu me lancer ma serviette?;
    they threw their hats up into the air ils ont lancé leur chapeau en l'air;
    she threw up her hands in horror elle a levé les bras en signe d'horreur
    (b) (produce → problem) produire, créer; (→ evidence) mettre à jour; (→ dust, dirt) soulever; (→ artist) produire;
    the discussion threw up some new ideas la discussion a amené de nouvelles idées
    (c) (abandon → career, studies) abandonner, laisser tomber; (→ chance, opportunity) laisser passer, gaspiller
    (d) pejorative (construct → building) construire ou bâtir en moins de deux
    (e) familiar (vomit) dégobiller
    familiar vomir, rendre;
    it makes you want to throw up c'est à vomir

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > throw

  • 20 peak

    peak [pi:k]
    1 noun
    (a) (mountain top) pic m, sommet m; (mountain) pic m;
    the highest peaks les plus hauts sommets;
    snowy peaks pics mpl ou sommets mpl enneigés
    (b) (pointed part → of roof) faîte m;
    beat the egg whites until they form peaks battez les blancs d'œuf en neige très ferme
    (c) (high point → of fame, career) sommet m, apogée m; (→ on graph) sommet m;
    emigration was at its peak in the 1890s l'émigration a atteint son point culminant ou son sommet dans les années 1890;
    the gardens are at their peak in July c'est en juillet que les jardins sont au faîte ou à l'apogée de leur splendeur;
    the team will be at its peak in a few weeks l'équipe sera à son top niveau dans quelques semaines;
    the party was at its peak la fête battait son plein;
    sales have reached a new peak les ventes ont atteint un nouveau record
    (d) (of cap) visière f
    (production, demand) atteindre un maximum;
    his popularity peaked just before the elections sa cote a atteint un ou son maximum juste avant les élections;
    she peaked in time for the Olympics (athlete) elle a atteint le maximum de sa forme juste à temps pour les Jeux olympiques;
    she peaked too soon (athlete) elle s'est lancée trop tôt; (musician, actress) elle a donné le maximum trop tôt
    maximum;
    the team is in peak condition l'équipe est à son top niveau
    ►► peak demand demande f maximum;
    the Peak District = région de moyenne montagne dans le nord de l'Angleterre;
    peak experience summum m;
    Medicine peak flow débit m expiratoire de pointe;
    Medicine peak flow meter débitmètre m ou spiromètre m de pointe;
    peak hours, peak period (of electricity use) période f de pointe; (of traffic) heures fpl de pointe or d'affluence; (in restaurant) coup m de feu;
    Stock Exchange peak price prix m maximum;
    peak rate tarif m heures pleines;
    peak season haute saison f;
    British Television peak time heures fpl de grande écoute, prime time m;
    British Television peak time advertisement publicité f aux heures de grande écoute ou en prime time;
    British Television peak time advertising publicité f aux heures de grande écoute ou en prime time;
    British Television peak viewing hours heures fpl de grande écoute;
    peak year année-record f
    (reach top limit) atteindre son maximum

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > peak

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